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The 2005 Sydney race riots were a series of Ethnically motivated mob confrontations which originated in and around the beachfront suburb of Cronulla in Southern Sydney , a coastal region within the Metropolitan Area of Sydney , Australia's largest city. The violence soon spread to other regions around Greater Sydney. On Sunday, December 11 , 2005 , approximately 5000 people had gathered in an Ad-hoc protest to "reclaim the beach" from recently-reported incidents of alleged assaults and intimidatory behaviour by groups of non-locals, most of whom were identified in the earlier media reports as Lebanese youths from the suburbs of Western Sydney . The crowd had assembled following a widely-reported series of earlier confrontations, and an assault on three volunteer Lifesavers (lifeguards) which had taken place the previous weekend. In the week leading up to the major incident of the 11th, these confrontations and the subsequent circulation of anonymous calls to gather at the beach — spread via SMS Text Messaging and other means — were the subject of much publicity and media commentary. The crowd initially assembled without incident, but violence broke out after a large segment of the mostly White crowd chased a man of Middle East ern appearance into a Hotel . The ensuing Melee soon became widespread; in the course of it a number of police, ambulance officers and individual members of the public perceived to be Lebanese were assaulted. The following nights saw incidents of retaliatory violence and vandalism by people of Middle Eastern descent in Cronulla and other suburbs throughout Southern Sydney, large gatherings of protestors around Western Sydney, and an unprecedented police lock-down of Sydney beaches and surrounding areas, from Wollongong to Newcastle . 11 DECEMBER — THE RIOT On Sunday ; police had earlier stated that they believed this previous assault had not been racially motivated. Some members of the local community later vocalised their opinions to the media that there had been insufficient attention paid to similarly-reported incidents in the past {Link without Title} . Thirteen people were injured throughout the day. Some were prevented from further injury by the assistance of people within the crowd, disgusted by the behaviour of the assaulters. A number of the demonstrators wore clothing bearing slogans such as "We Grew Here, You Flew Here", " Wog Free Zone", "Aussie Pride", "Fuck Allah - Save 'Nulla ", and " Ethnic Cleansing Unit". Chants of " Leb s out", "Lebs go home" and other expressions were continuously shouted out by many of the demonstrators, including some families with young children. A banner reading "LOCALS ONLY" with a symbol for Anarchism in place of the "A" was displayed (Daily Telegraph, December 12 ). material]] Representatives from three ", the Newcastle-based Blood And Honour , and the " Patriotic Youth League " (PYL). The PYL describes itself as a "radical nationalist" group with links to the German-based Skinhead group Volksfront , British National Party and the New Zealand National Front . The PYL had previously been linked by the Sydney Morning Herald to Racially Motivated Attacks at the University Of Newcastle . None of the groups have claimed a role in organising the event. NSW Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione afterwards said police believed representatives of Neo-Nazi and White Supremacist groups had been among the crowd. "That in fact is something that we're following up," he later told the Nine Network . The network later reported that "one woman was pictured among the angry crowd holding a poster…which advertised a group known as the Patriotic Youth League." {Link without Title} . According to ABC News , after several hours had passed without direct confrontation, the initially festive atmosphere rapidly turned to violence: "Earlier in the day the atmosphere had been party-like despite the large crowd, which some estimates say numbers 5,000 people. That changed when a man of Middle East ern appearance was chased into a hotel bistro. Within a minute the hotel was surrounded by several thousand people screaming and chanting. About a half an hour later a fight broke out across the road and police led away a man with a shirt over his head as the crowd lobbed beer cans at him". Through the remainder of the day, several more individuals of "Middle Eastern appearance" were assaulted, as well as several others who were not from this background, including a Jewish boy and a Greek girl. According to one local who was present, one man had shouted out to the crowd "I'm going to blow youse all up" {Link without Title} before he was surrounded by the crowd and attacked. Police and ambulance workers leading away the victims from the riots were also assaulted by groups of young men throwing beer bottles. Several dozen people were treated for minor cuts and bruises, while six individuals were evacuated under police escort to be assessed by doctors. One was further evacuated to St. George Hospital, in a serious but stable condition. As they moved to protect several individuals targeted by the crowds, many of the police present employed riot equipment including Capsicum Spray in order to subdue several of the attackers. A call for reinforcements was placed to the police station in Miranda , a nearby suburb on the peninsula. Local police at Cronulla had earlier commented that they were sufficiently prepared to deal with any anticipated violence at Cronulla beach, but seemed to be overwhelmed by the sheer number of people who had arrived. Elouera Road was temporarily closed to traffic. A total of 25 people were later reported injured in the incidents, including two ambulance officers. Later that evening, the '' Sydney Morning Herald '' quoted a New South Wales Police spokesman as saying that seven people had been arrested, and that charges had been filed against four individuals. By the following morning of the 12th, "news.com.au" reported twelve arrests total. Charges to be laid included assaulting police, throwing a missile, offensive behaviour, hindering police, and resisting arrest. REACTION AND RETALIATION 11 December — evening Following the confrontations at the beach earlier in the day, there were reports that a number of Arab youths traveling in groups were converging on various locations in the region, in a series of apparent retaliatory actions. As several convoys of men of Middle Eastern appearance approached the beachside suburbs at around 10:45 pm, the NSW police operations commander on duty issued instructions that their cars were not to be approached, but that registration and location details be recorded NSW Police Assistant Commissioner Bob Waites confirmed the reason for this instruction was "They weren't committing any offences at the time [they were in convoy and it was about making sure they recorded details so they have all the information." Several of the individuals concerned were held in custody that night in relation to some later events of that evening, with some ensuing charges being filed a little over a month afterwards. Superintendant Ken McKay, head of Strike Force Enoggera later set up to deal with the incidents, commented: "We are investigating a large number of crimes that occurred on this night and I'm quite confident, having around 200 car numbers … A lot has been made of issues that aren't issues." Promising that there would be further arrests as investigations were completed, he also noted that he was sick of the politicising of the investigations into the revenge attacks. Through the remainder of the evening, cars and windows in Maroubra and Rockdale were vandalised. Several instances of property damage at the Rockdale Railway Station were reported. One white man was stabbed in the back when assaulted by a gang of ten men of Middle Eastern appearance. By 1:00 am, reports of violence had also spread to Brighton Le Sands , where police wearing riot gear sectioned off Bay Street in a confrontation with a crowd of people of Middle Eastern appearance. The violence then spread to Ashfield in Sydney's Inner West , as well as suburbs in Greater Western Sydney , with outbreaks in Bankstown and Punchbowl . Police said 16 people had been arrested and charged with 41 offences. Those charged were from Mortdale, Cronulla, Bondi Junction, Kareela, Granville, Lugarno, Greenacre, Mascot, Northmead, Jannali, Sutherland, and Riverwood. Offences included malicious damage, resisting police, hindering police, assaulting police, resisting arrest, possessing prohibited drugs, behaving in an offensive manner, threatening violence, Affray , possession of a knife in a public place, and driving in a dangerous manner. All of those charged were men between 17 and 40 years of age. Several of the local residents who were quoted in media reports indicated a state of shock and a reluctance to be identified, out of fear of retribution from Middle Eastern gangs 12 December On Monday 12 December 2005 , political, community, and religious leaders condemned the violence. Some politicians and other leaders have alluded to underlying racism within Australian society, whilst others have condemned the violence as "thuggish", criminal and alcohol-fuelled behaviour. Ken Moroney , Police Commissioner of NSW, told the '' Sydney Morning Herald '' that he was ashamed at the "mob mentality" of the rally. He further elaborated: "The other equally offensive conduct today, the absolutely total un-Australian conduct today, was an attack on an ambulance. That has brought a higher level of shame to those involved in that level of attack and they deserve to be condemned in the highest possible terms." Keysar Trad , president of the Islamic Friendship Association Of Australia , stated that the violence was "bound to happen" because of racist rhetoric on Sydney Talk Radio throughout the week. Prime Minister John Howard condemned the riots, describing the violence as "sickening", adding however that he did not believe racism to be widespread in Australia. Opposition leader Kim Beazley also condemned the violence. On 12 December a police strike force was established to track down those responsible for the riots using video and photo evidence. The New South Wales State Parliament was recalled by the Premier on Tuesday, 13 December , to increase police powers in regard to the riots. The new powers may include the closing of alcohol outlets and the confiscation of motor vehicles. On Monday 12 December , there were initially reports of new text messages circulating, leading to concern over fresh violence at Cronulla. {Link without Title} Various news sources later reported around a thousand people gathering outside Sydney's reported that some then packed into dozens of cars, travelling in convoys towards Sydney's Southern District , while sporadically assaulting people and vandalising cars and property in Bexley and various other suburbs on their way. Reports from Sydney Police Radio and news.com.au reported further violence on the night of 12 December , with residents of Cronulla reporting that cars full of Middle Eastern men had driven into the area. The local shopping centre appeared to be a target for mobs, with several vehicles vandalised. The men "went on a rampage" while nearby residents prepared to defend their homes and families. According to a report which appeared in the January 22 edition of the '' Sydney Morning Herald '' {Link without Title} one of the Cronulla residents was saved by the actions of a 24-year-old junior rugby league coach Ahmed Jajieh. The son of Lebanese immigrants, Jajieh had been among the people assembled outside the Lakemba mosque in order to protect it from the expected attack. After the threats were not realised, he reported trying to dissuade a group from moving on to Cronulla to execute reprisal attacks, in which he was unsuccessful. He later set off for Cronulla himself, "...to make sure nothing happened", where he came across a local man under assault by a group of up to thirty young men. In security camera footage later released by police to the media, he is seen confronting and warding off the assault. The victim sustained minor injuries including a hairline fracture of the arm. Other incidents of apparent retaliatory strikes included the stabbing of a 23-year-old white Australian man at a golf club at the nearby Sydney suburb of Woolooware . According to his account he and two females were approached by two carloads of young males, and after a confrontation in which it is alleged the females were threatened with sexual assault, he was stabbed once in the lower back {Link without Title} . The man was taken to hospital in a critical condition. At the same time, further carloads of youths made their way to the suburb of Maroubra, organised again by the circulation of SMS text messages. Armed with baseball bats, crowbars and bricks, they vandalised private property (including over 100 cars) throughout streets of Maroubra. Many residents took refuge in their homes, while others who tried to confront the gangs were attacked. A 23-year-old man was injured during the unrest, as he was bashed by baseball-bat wielding youths, who attacked his car {Link without Title} . At Maroubra Beach , police said they found a stockpile of 30 Molotov cocktails and crates of rocks stockpiled on rooftops, as hundreds of local surfers gathered. Weapons such as iron bars, baseball bats, knives and even firearms are being found and confiscated. Morris Iemma , Premier of New South Wales announced on Tuesday that police will be given "lockdown" powers which would allow them to prohibit entry into specified areas. Referring to vigilantes, Mr Iemma said, "These criminals have declared war on our society and we are not going to let them win... ...You will not take control of our streets." Police said this kind of unrest was unprecedented in Australia. Australian media reported that mobile telephone text messages were calling for revenge attacks to continue. The messages were being circulated among Australians of Anglo-Celtic and European backgrounds, as well as among Australians of Middle Eastern backgrounds. 14 December On the morning of 14 December 2005 , local media reported that SMS text messages, inciting further riots, were being sent to mobile users in other states including Victoria and Queensland. At the tail end of a Christmas carols service at St Joseph the Worker Primary School drive-by shots were fired into cars and parents were verbally abused. A total of four Churches in Sydney's South-West were attacked during the evening. {Link without Title} The Uniting Church hall in Auburn , which is next to an Islamic centre, was set ablaze about 1.30am (AEDT) on 15 December . Police suspect it is directly related to the ongoing racially-motivated violence in Sydney. {Link without Title} 15 December On and crowbars were found in a bag in Cronulla Mall. Later that evening a couple suffered facial and head injuries when they were attacked at a restaurant in Caringbah. A man sustained fractured ribs and head injuries while taking out garbage bins at his Cronulla home; he was attacked by men of "Middle Eastern" appearance carrying golf clubs. A police officer was also injured as he broke up a brawl at a shopping centre in Wetherill Park in Sydney's south west at about 8.30pm. An 18-year-old man was charged with a range of offences including two counts of assaulting a police officer. The New South Wales Parliament was recalled from Christmas Holidays on Thursday 15 December , to pass legislation giving police the power to order that bottle shops and hotels close down and to lock down areas of suburbs with roadblocks, and also the right to instantly confiscate weapons, search and impound cars. Under existing law, police in New South Wales could ask bottle shop and hotel owners close their doors, but not force them to do so. RESPONSES Police Police Commissioners and Authorities expected violence to again continue as signs of more retaliation and revenge were discovered, such as inflammatory SMS messages being sent, youths gathering in cars and on streets and hidden stockpiles of weapons being found. Amidst fears of a third night of violence, perhaps continuing for the entire week, 450 police officers were deployed in Sydney's suburbs, ready to respond to any violent youths or gangs. The New South Wales Deputy Commissioner of Police Andrew Scipione said that while they had no specific intelligence, police expected more unrest. He also said that if needed he would seek assistance from police in other states, for extra resources and manpower. Deputy Police Commissioner Andrew Scipione said there had been a "welcome respite" last night from the violence of past days. But he said police would not be dropping their guard, with 450 officers on the streets of Sydney on the December 15 and 16, and numbers are likely to rise on the weekend as well. "I'd say this is the first time we've ever encountered this kind of phenomena anywhere in Australia," Mr Scipione said. "We'll look at it with a view of saying what is it that we can draw from the new powers that will allow us to be safe?" But he said police would have sufficient resources to cope with any more flare-ups at Sydney's eastern and southern beaches. Police were also been aware that gangs of Lebanese and white youths had been organizing retaliatory attacks and violence through SMS messages, and that a message congratulated Australians for the fight against the Lebanese, but called for more attacks. "We'll show them! It's on again Sunday," the message said. Likewise, messages circulating amongst Arab gangs called for another large-scale retaliatory riot at Cronulla beach( 18 December AEST). Political and community leaders Many Political spokesmen and analysts, such as NSW Premier Morris Iemma, Professor Michael Cyline and leaders of Islamic communities such as Keysar Trad, expressed fears that further violence would happen, fuelled by ongoing racial or ethnic tensions. See BBC News for information of the long-term ethnic tensions in Sydney. They perceived this state of conflict as a result of the years of brooding disagreements and hatred between the two main ethnic groups involved in these incidents: white Australians, on the one hand, and Middle Eastern, Lebanese and Muslim Australians on the other. In the years after the September 11, 2001 Attacks on the World Trade Centre towers, many had felt the sense of fear created by terrorism has only heightened public awareness of Arab communities in Sydney and their ongoing differences with non-Muslim Australians. Several Muslim women's groups made calls for the a voluntary curfew on Arab youths, requesting parents to keep their children at home over the weekend after the mob violence. They also urged parents to confiscate mobile telephones and car keys, in an attempt to forestall further aggression and retaliatory attacks. Similar sentiments were expressed by the Assistant Police Commissioner , Mark Goodwin, who said "I urge community leaders to continue dialogue in an effort to defuse the aggression." Jack Passaris, Chair of the Ethnic Communities Council Of NSW , the peak representative body of the State's ethnic groups called for an urgent review of the racial-vilification laws in light of the race riots. "We would urge the government to introduce laws which would make the intentional incitement of racial hatred into a criminal offence," he said. {Link without Title} In the days following the events of the 11th, NSW Police Minister Carl Scully outlined preparations to be made by police in anticipation of further unrest the next weekend. He also added that the increased police presence in Sydney could be expected to continue throughout the summer. "We expect further problems. We had more than 400 cops (police) last night. Expect hundreds on top of that on Saturday and Sunday," he said. In a speech made on December 15 , NSW Premier Morris Iemma also described the intentions and action plans for increased police coverage to be put into effect. "Special attention will be paid to places of worship, our churches and our schools," he said. Mr Iemma warned that a 500-strong Anti-Riot Squad would be out in force over the summer to as a precaution against any further disturbances. The Premier also foreshadowed that a draft of a Bill (Legislation) had been prepared, which was intended to provide special and augmented powers to police, to be used in the case of continuing violence. These proposed laws were to contain a Sunset Clause of two years, he said. Mr Iemma also welcomed the "swift justice" and the four-month jail term which had already been handed down in the case of one man who had been arrested and convicted of a charge arising from the recent violence. Surfer Nathan Rogers, from Maroubra's notorious " on the evening of Wednesday the 14th. Brian Wilshire, host of a talkback radio program on Maquarie Radio station 2GB, sparked further controversy for calling Lebanese "inbred". "Many of them have parents who are first cousins whose parents were first cousins. The result of this is inbreeding – the result of which is uneducationable (sic) people...and very low IQ."Following widespread condemnation, including by NSW Premier Morris Iemma, Wilshire has since apologised for his comments. {Link without Title} Melbourne anti-racism rally In Melbourne at 5:00 pm at Bourke Street Mall (Friday 16th) there was a large "anti-racism" rally to protest against the riots, though organisers also used it as an opportunity to protest other loosely politically related issues such as the War On Terror and Mandatory Detention . Response from Rioters Speaking on the Australian Program whether Australia could become an Islamic state, they replied, ''"Yeah, definitely."'' Responses from Lebanese youths on the revenge attacks were mixed, with one stating "I'm against innocent people getting hit", whereas another interviewee, Ali, when questioned about his role in the riots, responded "''Nah. I don't feel bad.''" SMS Messages, Emails Authorities and police have taken the new rounds of circulating SMS messages throughout Middle-Eastern, as well as white Australian, communities and youths very seriously, as signs portending more violence. Police said they had been investigating text messages allegedly inciting racial violence in New South Wales , Queensland , Victoria , South Australia and Western Australia . Of special note is that in the case of the Cronulla riots, these messages were broadcast nationally, in prime time, uncensored, showing the location and date of the proposed riot days in advance, by the Nine Network 's A Current Affair. SMS messages were widely circulated in response to these attacks, calling for "anti-racism" protests in Melbourne and other cities on Friday December 16 and Sunday December 18 . Messages from both sides ( Lebanese and white Australian gangs) of the apparent violence were calling for further large-scale protest the following Sunday, police said, much the same way text messages had originally been used to incite mob violence in Cronulla. An inflammatory E-mail received by postings were also utilised in inciting violence. Economic impacts Many of the small businesses in the affected areas (particularly in the beachside suburbs) reported a significant downturn in trade since the main incident of was reported as far away as Terrigal on the Central Coast . The head of the Tourism and Transport Forum indicated on December 19 that there had already been layoffs of employees working in the tourism and hospitality industries in Cronulla, and the chief executive of the State Chamber of Commerce, Margy Osmond, was quoted as saying "If the violence continues there is the potential it could even force some businesses to close down and significantly damage our reputation as a tourist destination among both domestic and international visitors" {Link without Title} . On the 22 December the BBC reported {Link without Title} that some beach-side businesses reported a slump in takings by up to 75% since the unrest, and that the New South Wales state government had announced an A$250,000 ($183,000) campaign to bring tourists back to Sydney's beaches, including advertisements featuring well known sports stars, assuring tourists that it was safe to visit the area. Authorities in Britain, Canada and Indonesia issued warnings to their citizens to be on guard for possible continuing racial violence. BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS Violence and harassment by Lebanese youths On Sunday , columnist at ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', alleges that the surf lifesavers then provided the youths with "a degree of verbal provocation", and "reminded the south-western suburb inhabitants that they could not swim". Shortly thereafter three surf lifesavers (aged 15, 19 and 20) were confronted by initially four, and then later up to twelve individuals, and in the process were allegedly assaulted. Not all of those present were directly involved in the Melee , and several of the larger group were reported to have attempted to break up the altercation. Youths of Lebanese descent were alleged to be the culprits, but police say there was no apparent racial motive behind that assault. A teenager was later charged with assault in company occasioning actual bodily harm [http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2005/12/07/1133829631860.html . Reports of sexual harassment and intimidation of female beach-goers by groups of Lebanese youths subsequently emerged. {Link without Title} . The ensuing print and media coverage also included accounts of similar, prior complaints in the area from members of the general public over a period of several years. There are unsubstantiated claims that hostility towards Lebanese youths was running high in the area, following a number of Gang Rapes Elsewhere In Sydney over three years earlier. Build-up Throughout the following week, from Monday 5 December to 10 December 2005 , tensions rose as the wider public became aware of the confrontations through extensive print and media coverage and other means:
Beach violence Beach-related violence is a phenomenon that has existed since at least the 1950s, when the fights were between "bodgies" and locals and later in the sixties "mods", "westies" and "surfies". The book (and later film) '' Puberty Blues '' describes the violence of the local surfing culture of the 1970s. {Link without Title} Unlike most Sydney beaches, Cronulla is serviced by a Rail Station , making it a popular destination for beach-goers who live further away. In April 2005, the NSW Parliament member for Cronulla Malcolm Kerr spoke to the legislative assembly about law and order problems in that suburb, including a riot in the mall on Australia Day {Link without Title} . REFERENCES |
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