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(''' MDCCCXCI ''') was a Common Year Starting On Thursday (see link for calendar).
- January 1 - Paying of Old Age Pension s begins in Germany
- January 20 - Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.
- January 29 - Liliuokalani proclaimed Queen of Hawaii
- March 3 - The International Copyright Act of 1891 was passed by the 51st Congress of the United States Of America
- March 9 - 12 - Powerful storm off England's south coast; 14 ships sink
- March 14 - In New Orleans , Lynch Mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches eleven Italians arrested but found innocent for the murder of Police Chief David Hennessey .
- March 17 - The British Steamship SS ''Utopia'' sinks off the coast of Gibraltar , killing 574.
- April 1 - The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago, Illinois .
- May 1 - Nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' May Day demonstration in support of eight-hour workday in Fourmies , France .
- May 5 - The Music Hall in New York (now known as Carnegie Hall ) has its grand opening and first public performance, with maestro Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky as the guest conductor.
- May 15 - Roman Catholic Pope Leo XIII issues the encyclical "Rerum Novarum" resulting in the creation of many Christian Democrat Parties throughout Europe.
- May 20 - First public display of Thomas Alva Edison's prototype Kinetoscope (shown at Edison's Laboratory for a convention of the National Federation Of Women's Clubs ).
- June 16 - John Abbott becomes Canada 's third Prime Minister .
- June 21 - First long-distance transmission of Alternating Current by the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
- August 27 - France and Russia conclude defensive alliance.
- October 1 - In California , Stanford University opens its doors
- October 27 - An 8.0 Earthquake strikes the village of Utsuzumi in rural Gifu , Japan , killing over 7,000 across the region and creating a 3-meter-tall surface fault that is still visible today
- December 29 - Thomas Edison patents the Radio
- January 7 - Zora Neale Hurston , Harlem Renaissance writer (d. 1960 )
- January 8 - Walther Bothe , German physicist, Nobel Prize In Physics (d. 1957 )
- January 27 - Ilya Ehrenburg , Russian writer (d. 1967 )
- February 9 - Ronald Colman , English actor (d. 1958 )
- February 11 - J.W. Hearne , English cricketer (d. 1965 )
- February 27 - David Sarnoff , Russian-born broadcasting pioneer (d. 1971 )
- March 10 - Sam Jaffe , American actor (d. 1984 )
- March 19 - Earl Warren , Chief Justice Of The United States (d. 1974 )
- March 29 - Yvan Goll , French lyricist and dramatist (d. 1950 )
- April 2 - Max Ernst , German painter (d. 1976 )
- April 13 - Nella Larsen , American novelist (d. 1964 )
- April 17 - George Adamski , Polish-born UFO traveler (d. 1965 )
- April 23 - Sergei Prokofiev , Soviet composer (d. 1953 )
- May 7 - Harry McShane , Scottish socialist (d. 1988 )
- May 15 - Mikhail Bulgakov , Russian writer (d. 1940 )
- May 16 - Richard Tauber , Austrian tenor (d. 1948 )
- May 18 - Rudolf Carnap , German philosopher (d. 1970 )
- May 19 - Oswald Boelcke , German World War I pilot (d. 1916 )
- May 22 - Eddie Edwards , American jazz trombonist (d. 1963 )
- May 23 - Pär Lagerkvist , Swedish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974 )
- May 24 - William F. Albright , American archeologist and Biblical scholar (d. 1971 )
- June 9 - Cole Porter , American composer and songwriter (d. 1964 )
- June 20 - John A. Costello , second President Of Ireland (d. 1976 )
- June 21 - Hermann Scherchen , German conductor (d. 1966 )
- June 30 - Man Mountain Dean , American professional wrestler (d. 1953 )
- July 5 - John Howard Northrop , American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987 )
- August 21 - Emiliano Mercado Del Toro , American supercentenarian, oldest surviving American veteran of World War I
- September 12 - Pedro Albizu Campos , advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. 1965 )
- September 14 - William F. Friedman , American cryptographer (d. 1969 )
- September 16 - Karl Dönitz , President Of Germany (d. 1980 )
- September 16 - Stephanie Von Hohenlohe , Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. 1972 )
- September 26 - Charles Munch , French conductor and violinist (d. 1968 )
- September 28 - Myrtle Gonzalez , American film and stage actress (d. 1918 )
- October 12 - Fumimaro Konoe , Prime Minister Of Japan (d. 1945 )
- October 20 - James Chadwick , English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974 )
- October 24 - Rafael Leónidas Trujillo , dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. 1961 )
- November 14 - Frederick Banting , Canadian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize In Physiology Or Medicine (d. 1941 )
- November 15 - Vincent Astor , American philanthropist (d. 1959 )
- November 15 - Erwin Rommel , German field marshal (d. 1944 )
- December 10 - Nelly Sachs , German writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1970 )
- December 26 - Henry Miller , American writer (d. 1980 )
- January 5 - Emma Abbott , American opera singer (b. 1849 )
- January 16 - Léo Delibes , French composer (b. 1836 )
- January 21 - Calixa Lavallée , Canadian composer (b. 1842 )
- March 15 - Théodore De Banville , French writer (b. 1823 )
- March 15 - Sir Joseph Bazalgette , English civil engineer (b. 1819 )
- March 29 - Georges Seurat , French painter (b. 1859 )
- April 7 - P. T. Barnum , American showman (b. 1810 )
- April 24 - Helmuth Von Moltke The Elder , Prussian field marshal (b. 1800 )
- May 8 - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky , Russian-born author and theosophist (b. 1831 )
- July 4 - Hannibal Hamlin , Vice President Of The United States (b. 1809 )
- August 12 - James Russell Lowell , American poet and essayist (b. 1819 )
- August 14 - Sarah Childress Polk , First Lady Of The United States (b. 1803 )
- September 11 - Antero De Quental , Portuguese poet (b. 1842 )
- September 15 - Ivan Goncharov , Russian author (b. 1812 )
- September 28 - Herman Melville , American novelist (b. 1819 )
- October 6 - Charles Stewart Parnell , Irish nationalist leader (b. 1846 )
- October 15 - Gilbert Arthur A Beckett , English writer (b. 1837 )
- November 10 - Arthur Rimbaud , French poet (b. 1854 )
- December 5 - Pedro II , Brazilian deposed emperor (b. 1826 )
- ? - Pierre Lallement , French inventor of the Bicycle (b. 1843 ?)
Sherlock Holmes is believed to have died in the Reichenbach fall with the "Napoleon of crime", Professor James Moriarty.
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