1776

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	C	18th century
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1776 was a Leap Year Starting On Monday (see link for calendar).


EVENTS

• Adam Smith publishes '' The Wealth Of Nations ''


• Edward Gibbon publishes '' The History Of The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire ''


• Austria abolishes Death Penalty and Torture and decriminalizes Witchcraft


• British begin to use old ships docked close to shore as temporary prisons, Prison Junk s


• Signing of the Declaration of Independence

January

• January 10 - Thomas Paine publishes '' Common Sense ''


• Loyalist s led by Robert Cunningham sign a petition from prison agreeing to all demands for peace by the newly formed state government of South Carolina.

February

• Loyalists charge across Moore's Creek bridge near Wilmington to attack what they mistakenly believe to be a small force of rebels. Several loyalist leaders are killed in the ensuing battle. The patriot victory virtually ends all British authority in the colony.

March

• capture " Dorchester Heights " dominating the port of Boston , Massachusetts .


• forces evacuate Boston, Massachusetts after George Washington commands the placement of Artillery overlooking the city at Dorchester Heights .


• March 28 - Juan Bautista De Anza finds the site for the Presidio Of San Francisco .

April

• making it the first British colony to officially authorize its Continental Congress delegates to vote for independence from the Kingdom Of Great Britain .

May

• May 1 - Adam Weishaupt founds the Bavarian Illuminati (Order of the Illuminati) in Ingolstadt , Bavaria .

June

• of Virginia proposed to the Continental Congress a resolution calling for a Declaration Of Independence .


• invaders are driven back at Trois-Rivières, Quebec .


• by George Mason adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates.


• votes to suspend government under the British Crown.


• June 17 - Lt. Jose Joaquin Moraga leads a band of colonists from Monterey Presidio, landing on June 29 and constructing the Mission Dolores of the new Presidio of San Francisco .

July

• July 2 - American Revolutionary War: The final (despite minor revisions) U.S. Declaration of Independence is written.


• . United States becomes independent from the British Empire .


• July 8 - American Revolutionary War: The U.S. declaration of Independence is signed.


• topples the equestrian statue of George III in Bowling Green .


• July 12 - Captain James Cook sets off from Plymouth England on his third, and fatal, expedition to the Pacific Ocean .

August

• troops land on Staten Island to join British forces


• 's troops routed in Brooklyn by British under William Howe .

September

• September - First running of the St. Leger Stakes horse race in England.


• September 6 - Hurricane hits Guadeloupe , killing more than 6000.


• attack. American submersible craft ''Turtle'' attempts to attach a Time Bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe 's flagship ''HMS Eagle'' in New York Harbor .


• .


• at Kip's Bay .




• executed in New York City for espionage.

October

• October 7 - Crown Prince Paul Of Russia marries Sophie Marie Dorothea Of Württemberg .


• October 9 - Father Francisco Palou founds Mission San Francisco De Asis in what is now San Francisco, California .


• near Valcour Island , a British fleet led by Sir Guy Carleton defeats 15 American gunboats commanded by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold . Although nearly all of Arnold's ships are destroyed, the two day-long battle will give Patriot forces enough time to prepare defenses of New York City .


• forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans .

November

• mercenaries under Lieutenant General Wilhelm Von Knyphausen capture Fort Washington from the American Continentals .

December

• December 5 - The Phi Beta Kappa society is founded at the College Of William And Mary .


• attempts to enter the American military as a major general.


• becomes the first governor of the newly formed state.


• , living with Washington's troops begins publishing '' The American Crisis '', containing the stirring phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls."


• , cross the Delaware River and land on the Jersey bank at 3 AM.


• at 8 AM outside Trenton and score a victory, taking 1000 prisoners while suffering only 6 wounded.

BIRTHS

• January 24 - E.T.A. Hoffmann , German writer, composer, and painter (d. 1822 )


• February 11 - Joannis Capodistrias , Greek governor of Troezen (d. 1831 )


• March 10 - Louise Of Mecklenburg-Strelitz , Queen of Prussia (d. 1810 )


• April 1 - Sophie Germain , French mathematician (d. 1831 )


• June 11 - John Constable , English painter (d. 1837 )


• August 9 - Amedeo Avogadro , Italian chemist (d. 1856 )


• Muttusvami Dikshitar , Indian composer (d. 1835 )

DEATHS

• March 10 - Élie Catherine Fréron , French critic (b. 1719 )


• March 10 - Niclas Sahlgren , Swedish merchant and philanthropist (b. 1701 )


• March 26 - Samuel Ward , American politician (b. 1725 )


• March 24 - John Harrison , English clockmaker (b. 1693 )


• April 29 - Edward Wortley Montagu , English traveler and writer (b. 1713 )


• May 4 - Jacques Saly , French sculptor (b. 1717 )


• June 10 - Leopold Widhalm , Austrian luthier (b. 1722 )


• June 20 - Benjamin Huntsman , English inventor and manufacturer (b. 1704 )


• July 7 - Jeremiah Markland , English classical scholar (b. 1693 )


• July 10 - Richard Peters , English-born clergyman (b. 1704 )


• August 2 - Louis François I, Prince Of Conti , French military leader (b. 1717 )


• August 25 - David Hume , Scottish philosopher (b. 1711 )


• October 17 - Pierre François Le Courayer , French theologian (b. 1681 )


• November 17 - James Ferguson , Scottish astronomer (b. 1710 )


• Francis Salvador , American patriot (b. 1747 )