As a means of recording the passage of
Time , the was that
Century which lasted from
1201 to
1300 . In the history of European culture, this period is considered part of the
High Middle Ages .
, under the leadership of
Genghis Khan , overran most of
Asia , thus creating the largest
Empire to ever exist. They achieved this success in large part due to their amazing
Horse Archer s.]]
- Genghis Khan , Temujin by birth is claimed "Khan of Khans" by the Mongol tribes.
- Mongols under Genghis Khan conquer and rule over most of Asia and Eastern Europe by establishing Mongol Empire
- Ogedei Khan establish Mongolian dynasty in China . Some Mongol leaders convert from Tantric Buddhism to Islam .
- 1204 - Fourth Crusade sacks Byzantine Constantinople and creates the Latin Empire .
- Fifth through eighth Crusades of western European kingdoms against Islam
- Teutonic Knights begin activity in Eastern Europe.
- Battle Of Bouvines
- King John Of England forced to sign Magna Carta at Runnymede
- Fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Holy Roman Emperors. Sicily and Naples are acquired by the French count Charles I Of Naples .
- Marco Polo and his family reach China
- Fall of the Ghana Empire
- James I of Aragon takes control of Balearic Islands and Valencia . In 1282 , after the Sicilian Vespers , Aragon acquires Sicily.
- Andrew II Of Hungary signs the Golden Bull which afferms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
- Theravada overtakes Mahayana as the dominant form of Buddhism in Cambodia .
- Persian historian Rashid Al-Din records eleven Buddhist texts circulating in Arabic translation.
- The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established, with Theravada Buddhism as the state religion. Later in the century it vassalises significant parts of modern Thailand , Laos , Burma , and Malaysia .
- Norway cedes the Isle Of Man to Scotland , following the signing of the Treaty Of Perth .
- First European universities founded.
- The Utiguri Bulgar state on the Volga vanishes from history.
- Bantu -speaking peoples arrive in modern Angola , partially displacing the original Khoisan inhabitants.
- The Battle Of Las Navas De Tolosa in 1212 in Spain sees the beginning of a rapid Christian Reconquest of the southern half of the Iberian Peninsula , with the defeat of Moorish forces.
- The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden
- End of Hohenstaufen dynasty at the Battle Of Tagliacozzo . The Kingdom Of Sicily goes to French Anjou house.
- A period of civil unrest, '' Sturlungaöld '', leads to Iceland becoming part of the Kingdom Of Norway
- Giotto Di Bondone Italian painter
- Genghis Khan , founder of Mongol Empire
- Sundiata Keita semi-historical founder of the Mali Empire
- Alexander Of Hales , philosopher and theologian
- Albertus Magnus , German philosopher and theologian
- Thomas Aquinas , theologian
- Francis Of Assisi , founder of the Franciscan Order
- Robert Grosseteste , English statesman, theologian, and scientist
- Roger Bacon , Franciscan, philosopher, and scientist
- Birger Jarl , Swedish statesman, earl, and founder of Stockholm
- Bonaventure , Franciscan theologian
- Petrus Peregrinus , scientist
- Louis IX Of France , St. Louis, French king and crusader
- Frederick II , emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
- Dante Alighieri , Italian writer
- Ramon Llull , Majorcan philosopher
- Kublai Khan , Khan ruler, founder of Yuan Dynasty in China
- Alexander Nevsky , Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
- Saadi Persian poet
- Snorri Sturluson , historian and saga-writer
- William Wallace , Scottish national leader
- Béla IV Of Hungary rebuilder of Hungary after the devastating Mongol invasion
