Information About

1291

EVENTS

Europe

In the spring of this year, Vandino And Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India ; they never return. oneoneeleven

May 10 - Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I Of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III Of Scotland five years prior.

Early August - The Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden , the " Three Forest Cantons . A purported enacting document, the Federal Charter Of 1291 , is now widely believed to be a forgery.

Sancho IV Of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors .

The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne .

Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via Papal Bull .

All Glassmakers in Venice are forced to moved to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.

Klenová Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system.

Asia

June 17 - Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Khalil captures Acre , thus exterminating the Crusade r Kingdom Of Jerusalem — the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades — and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege Of Acre (1291) ).

Kaifeng is made capital of the Chinese Yuan Dynasty province of Henan .

The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Beijing in Yuan Dynasty China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing .

Emperor Kameyama , Emperor Of Japan , establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji in Kyoto .

BIRTHS

February 8 - King Afonso IV Of Portugal (died 1357 )

October 31 - Philippe De Vitry , French composer (died 1361 )

Pope Clement VI (died 1352 )

Theodore I Of Montferrat (died 1338 )

Aimone Of Savoy (died 1343 )

DEATHS

March 10 - Arghun , Persian ruler

June 18 - King Alfonso III Of Aragon (born 1265 )

June 26 - Eleanor Of Provence , queen of Henry III Of England

July 15 - Rudolph I Of Germany , Holy Roman Emperor (born 1218 )

Hong Dagu , Korean military leader (born 1244 )